Porter’s Four Competitive Strategies, developed by Michael Porter, are…

1. Cost Leadership – This strategy involves being the lowest-cost producer in the industry. Firms pursuing cost leadership aim to achieve economies of scale, efficient production processes, tight cost control, and sometimes vertical integration to lower costs. The goal is to offer products or services at a lower price than competitors while maintaining profitability.

2. Differentiation – This strategy involves offering unique or differentiated products or services that are valued by customers. Differentiation can be achieved through product features, quality, brand image, technology, customer service, or other factors that set the firm apart from competitors. The focus is on creating a competitive advantage based on perceived value rather than price.

3. Focus (or Niche) Strategy – This strategy involves focusing on a specific segment of the market or a narrow target market. Firms pursuing a focus strategy concentrate their efforts on serving the needs of a particular customer group, geographic area, or product line. By catering to a niche market, firms can better meet the specific needs of customers and build strong relationships within that segment.

4. Focus on Cost Leadership or Differentiation within a Niche – This strategy combines elements of both cost leadership and differentiation strategies but within a focused or niche market. Firms following this approach seek to achieve cost leadership or differentiation advantages tailored to the needs of a specific market segment. By concentrating on a narrow market and adopting either a cost leadership or differentiation strategy, firms can create a competitive advantage that is difficult for broader competitors to replicate.

These strategies provide frameworks for businesses to analyze and choose the most appropriate approach to compete effectively within their industry or market segment.